INTRODUCTION
Nuclear energy is becoming well developed as a source of energy. Compared to other sources of energy like solar energy, and hydroelectricity, nuclear energy is more stable in that its power supply is stable. Power generated by hydroelectric power plant is always dependent on the volume of water in a dam. Likewise the energy generated by the solar panels depends on the amount of sun it receives.
While the amount of energy generated by hydroelectric power plant and solar panelsfluctuates, nuclear energy is not like that. The main raw material for nuclear energy is a radioactive element. The nucleus of a radioactive element is unstable in its ways. Its nucleus will keep on splitting spontaneously until it attains stability. During that process energy is released and such phenomenon is called radioactivity.
To understand better how the energy produced by a radioactive element is harnessed to give us electricity, let’s see how the radioactive elements produces the energy in their nucleus. Remember that the nucleus of these elements are never stable. They’ll keep on splitting until they attain stability, that’s if they can. The process will lead to the release of energy, emission of gamma ray, beta ray, and alpha particle.
NUCLEAR FISSION
Nuclear fission occurs when the nucleus of a radioactive element (Radium, Uranium) is bombarded with a stream of fast moving neutron. This process results in the splitting of a radioactive element into a relatively heavy nucleus which is accompanied by energy release.
NUCLEAR FUSION
While nuclear fission involves the bombardment of a heavy nucleus to give two relatively heavy nucleus, nuclear fusion releases energy when two lighter nucleus fuses together to form a heavier nucleus. Nuclear fusion results from bombardment of two lighter nucleus with fast moving neutrons.
MATTER TO ENERGY CONVERSION EQUATION
A very careful measurement has shown that when it comes to nuclear changes, the laws of conservation of matter and energy do not hold even though they still are applicable in our everyday life and much of it is also seen in physics. During nuclear reaction, small amount of matter gets destroyed in the process.
That is irrelevant when it comes to chemical reaction however, when Radium which is a radioactive element decays radioactively, a fraction of it is lost in the process while energy is gained. It seems that matter is being converted into energy. This is absurd and hard to believe because we don’t see it happen in our everyday life or in our physics laboratory.
It was spoken of by Albert Einstein and later proved by measurements. Albert Einstein suggested that the conversion of matter into energy is given by:
E = ΔMc2 … (Δ pronounced as “Delta” means “change in”.
Where;
- E = Energy
- C = Speed of light in m/s
- Delta (Δ) M is the matter lost during the process of the nuclear reaction.
according to this equation of energy, mass can be converted into energy and vise versa. in addition, the explosion of atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima (Japan’s Cities) in 1945 (during world war II) were base upon this equation.
HOW ELECTRICAL ENERGY IS GENERATED USING NUCLEAR ENERGY?
The earlier types of nuclear power station generated electricity through the fission of Uranium – 235. A block of graphite ( carbon ) is placed at the core of the nuclear reactor to reduce or minimize the speed of the neutrons. The reason why the velocity of the neutrons have to be minimized is because only at a low velocity can the neutrons penetrate the nucleus of the Uranium – 235 atom. There are tabular channels passing through the graphite block.
The nuclear fuel (Uranium ) is placed in the channels in the graphite blocks. The Uranium is contained in an Aluminium tube. During the nuclear reaction, the graphite surrounding the Uranium makes sure that the neutrons entering the Uranium is at low or regulated velocity.
Among the Uranium rods are other rods, made of boron steel. The use of boron steel is to absorb excessive neutrons. By varying the number of the boron steel rods in the reactor, the speed of the reaction is also regulated.
For safety reason, the boron steel rods that are not fully lowered are held by electromagnetic catches. If the reaction is going too fast, the rods will be dropped quickly into the channels in the core to slow the reaction.
The energy emitted by the nuclear energy during reaction causes an increase in the internal energy and other materials in the reactor. In some designs of nuclear power plant, carbon dioxide (gas) is pumped through the channels in the core and is heated by the internal heat energy generated during the nuclear fission.
The hot gas is finally channeled out of the core to a heat exchanger where the hot gas is used to boil water. The steam produced while boiling the water is used to turn the turbine which is connected to electric generated. By this stages, nuclear fission is converted to electrical energy. The fuel used by the reactor described above is Uranium – 235 which is quite rare. A more advanced and a cheaper reactor recently developed is a reactor called Breeder Reactor.
It breed its own fuel. It make use of Uranium – 238 which is very common. The reaction requires fast moving neutrons to split the Uranium – 238 nuclei unlike the other reactor which requires slow moving neutrons. During the reaction, Uranium – 238 is converted to plutonium – 239. The breeder reactor is more economical. While CO2 was pumped into the reactor of the other type, liquid sodium ( Na ) is pumped into the breeder reactor.
The essence of CO2 and liquid Na, is to serve as cooling liquid, to cool the system by absorbing the heat energy of the system which in turn is used to boil water to generate steam for the turbine which turns the electric generator.
ADVANTAGE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear energy has advantage over the other sources of energy in that it generates more energy and is more stable. The amount of energy it generates is not dependent on the intensity of the sun or the volume of water a dam holds like the hydroelectric power plant. Also read. Very simple hydroelectric project
DISADVANTAGE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
- Disposal of nuclear and radioactive waste is very expansive.
- Risk of Nuclear Accidents
- Problem of Nuclear Radiation
- Shut down reactors for specific time
- Costly maintenance
- Non Renewable and Fuel Availability problems
WHY OTHER COUNTRIES THINK OF IT AS THE LAST OPTION?
It’s no no news that radioactive radiation is very dangerous. It causes cancer and so many other deadly disease. Worst of all, it causes genetic mutation. You don’t just get up and say you want to build a nuclear power plant, you have to consider one factor.
This one factor affects everything and is the primary reason why some countries think of it as the last option. It’s not the cost of the fuel..,,, Where is the nuclear waste going to be disposed?
This factor affects whatever choice that is to be made. Dispose it in the sea? People fish and more over that country isn’t the only country making use of the sea. Dispose it on land?
What about farmers and the people living around the area? The problem of disposal of nuclear waste is one of the reasons some countries take it as the last option.
